Bipolar disorder

What is Bipolar Disorder?
Formerly known as manic depression, Bipolar Disorder is a mental health condition that causes extreme mood swings.

These swings range from emotional highs (Mania or Hypomania) to emotional lows (Depression). These shifts can affect sleep, energy, activity, judgment, behavior, and the ability to think clearly.

Types of Bipolar Disorder

The condition is categorized by the severity and pattern of the mood swings:

• Bipolar I Disorder: You have had at least one manic episode that may be preceded or followed by hypomanic or major depressive episodes. In some cases, mania may trigger a break from reality (psychosis).
• Bipolar II Disorder: You have had at least one major depressive episode and at least one hypomanic episode, but you have never had a full manic episode.
• Cyclothymic Disorder: A milder form involving periods of hypomania and periods of depressive symptoms lasting for at least two years (or one year in children).

Symptoms by Phase

Symptoms vary depending on which "pole" of the disorder you are experiencing.

1. Manic Phase (The Highs)

Mania is more severe than hypomania, but both share the same symptoms:

• Abnormally upbeat, jumpy, or wired.
• Increased activity, energy, or agitation.
• Exaggerated sense of well-being and self-confidence (euphoria).
• Decreased need for sleep.
• Unusual talkativeness and racing thoughts.
• Risk-Taking: Poor decision-making, such as going on buying sprees, taking sexual risks, or making foolish investments.

2. Depressive Phase (The Lows)

• Depressed mood, such as feeling sad, empty, or hopeless.
• Loss of interest or pleasure in all — or almost all — activities.
• Significant weight loss or gain.
• Insomnia or sleeping too much.
• Fatigue or loss of energy.
• Decreased ability to think or concentrate.
• Thoughts of death or suicide.

⚠️ EMERGENCY: SUICIDE RISK
If you have suicidal thoughts, call 911 or your local emergency number immediately.

988 Suicide & Crisis Lifeline: Call or text 988 in the US and Canada for free, confidential support 24/7.

Causes

[Image of neurotransmitters synapse]

The exact cause is unknown, but researchers believe several factors are involved:

• Biological Differences: People with bipolar disorder appear to have physical changes in their brains.
• Neurotransmitters: An imbalance in brain chemicals (neurotransmitters) plays a significant role.
• Genetics: The condition is more common in people who have a first-degree relative (sibling or parent) with the condition.
• Triggers: High stress, drug/alcohol abuse, or traumatic experiences can trigger an episode.

Complications

Left untreated, bipolar disorder can result in:

• Drug and alcohol abuse.
• Legal or financial problems.
• Damaged relationships.
• Poor work or school performance.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis usually involves:

• Physical Exam: To rule out other medical problems (like thyroid issues).
• Psychiatric Assessment: Discussing your thoughts, feelings, and behavior patterns.
• Mood Charting: You may be asked to keep a daily record of your moods and sleep patterns.

Treatment

Bipolar disorder is a lifelong condition, but treatment is very effective at managing symptoms.

1. Medications

• Mood Stabilizers: Lithium is the most common and effective medication for stabilizing mood.
• Antipsychotics: (e.g., Olanzapine, Risperidone) Helping to control manic episodes.
• Antidepressants: Used carefully, as they can sometimes trigger mania.

2. Psychotherapy

• Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT): Identifying unhealthy beliefs and behaviors and replacing them with healthy ones.
• Family Therapy: Helping family members understand the condition and communicate better.
• Psychoeducation: Learning about the condition to recognize warning signs of an episode.

3. Other Therapies

For severe cases where medication isn't working, Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) or Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) may be options.

Disclaimer: The content provided on this blog is for informational purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always seek the advice of your physician regarding any medical condition.